Long food chains are in general chaotic

Chaotic Red Queen coevolution in three-species food chains.

Coevolution between two antagonistic species follows the so-called 'Red Queen dynamics' when reciprocal selection results in an endless series of adaptation by one species and counteradaptation by the other. Red Queen dynamics are 'genetically driven' when selective sweeps involving new beneficial mutations result in perpetual oscillations of the coevolving traits on the slow evolutionary time ...

Food Taxes: How Likely Are Likely Effects?

Women and Food Chains:

hr ge the me oughout history, the social relations of food have been organized along lines of nder. Today, in most societies women continue to carry the responsibility for ntal and manual labor of food provision—the most basic labor of care. Women's involvement with food constructs who they are in the world—as individuals, family members, and workers—in deep, complex, and often contradictory wa...

Food Chains, Food Webs and Ecological Pyramids

Photosynthesis is only the beginning of a chain of energy conversions. There are many types of animals that will eat the products of the photosynthesis process. Examples are deer eating shrub leaves, rabbits eating carrots, or worms eating grass. When these animals eat these plant products, food energy and organic compounds are transferred from the plants to the animals, known as a food chain. ...

General Wp-bailey Chains

Motivated by a recent paper of Liu and Ma, we describe a number of general WP-Bailey chains. We show that many of the existing WP-Bailey chains (or branches of the WP-Bailey tree), including chains found by Andrews, Warnaar and Liu and Ma, arise as special cases of these general WP-Bailey chains. We exhibit three new branches of the WP-Bailey tree, branches which also follow as special cases of...